Here is the review for the ecology unit for the AP Exam! These are notes we took today in class as well as the practice quiz! It's alot of material so prepare yourself for this one... :)
PROPERTIES OF POPULATION
-size (#)- mark & recapture. This process is exactly what it sounds like and it helps count the number of organisms.
-density- how many individuals live within a certain area
-dispersion: random- no attractants/repellants (ex.trees) -scattered throughout
uniform- competition for resources (plants that secrete toxins) -uniform patterns or lines
clumps- social organisms safety in # (ex. trees) -clumps (hince the name)
POPULATION GROWTH
-exponential growth (J-curve)
-S.curve
-carrying capacity (K)
-limiting factors: -density dependent: usually biotic (competition/disease)
-density independent: usually abiotic (environmental changes like a fire or drought)
*GROWTH PATTERNS:
-r-strategists: (rapid reproduction)-insects/little or no parental care
-k-strategists: (carrying capacity)-humans/alot of parental care and not as many offspring produced
COMMUNITY STRUCTURE & POPULATION INTERACTIONS
-competition- competetive exclusion (Paramecium)
-resource partitioning-realized vs. fundamental niche
-character displacement-divergence
-predation-plant defense-toxins,spines,thorns
-animal defense: active-hiding, fleeing
-passive defense: cryptic coloration, asymptomatic coloration (bright), batesian mimicry (copycat), mullenrian mimicry (both poisonus)
*mutualism (+/+) -both benefit (picture @ top of bee and flower) see if you can explain why!
parasitism (+/-) - one harmed while the other benefits (picture @ top of page with worm) see if you can explain why!
commensalism (+/o)- one benefits while the other is not affected (picture of fish) see if you can explain why!
-feel free to comment and explain the three pictures and relationships :)
FOOD CHAINS
-trophic level
-10% principle
-food web
-producers: primary,secondary, & tertiary
-Biological magnification (DDT)
-Decomposers (bacteria and fungi)
SUCCESSION
-primary succession
-pioneer species (moss and lichen)
-climax community
-secondary succession (after disaster)
BIOMES
-rainfall/temp. -vegetation & animal life
*chem. cycles: H2O transpiration, C photosynthesis & cellular respiration, N nitrogen fixation (bacteria)
*How do humans affect the environment?
-Eutrophication, acid rain, toxins, depletion of ozone, global warming, new species introduced
BEHAVIOR/ ETHOLOGY
-Karl Von Frisch- honeybees & "waggle dance" :)
-Niko Tinbergen- fixed action patterns- stickle back fish (red belly example)
-Konrad Lorenzo- imprinting geese
Fixed action patterns- stareotypic behaviors- triggered by sign stimulus
Learning- tied to lifespan and brain complexity
Habituation- become accustomed to stimulus
Associative Learning- 1 stimulus linked to another through experience
Classical Conditioning- Pavlov
Operant Conditioning- trial and error (Skinner)
Imprinting- sensative period for learning
SOCAIL BEHAVIOR
-cooperation (hunting)
-Agnostic-aggressive displays
-ritualistic/symbolic-can prevent serious harm
-Dominance Hierarchy
-Territory defending by agnostic behavior
-Alturism- increases fitness of group (increases chance of survival for "THEIR GENES")
-K-selection
(QUIZ YOURSELF!!!) -these are from the practice quiz we did today!
1. Which of the following levels of organization includes all of the others?
-A) Habitat
-B) Population
-C) Organism
-D) Ecosystem
-E) Community
2. Which of the following types of behavior describes the way that mice find their way through mazes?
-A) imprinting
-B) habituation
-C)trial and error
-D) reasoning
-E) instinct
3. During the carbon cycle, which of the following carbon compounds would be utilized as an energy source by heterotrophs?
-A) carbon monoxide
-B) calcium carbonate
-C) carbonic acid
-D) carbon dioxide
-E) organic molecules
*IM NOT GIVING THE ANSWERS :)
ECOLOGY LINKS:
1) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QcYKTbss9sU - funny ecology song :)
2) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8BEKrc-aXF8 -displays mutualism
3) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oZzLQugxNjY -displays commensalism
4) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EWB_COSUXMw YOU HAVE TO WATCH THIS! -weirdest form of parasitism EVER!
sources: Mrs. Millard's notes, AP Biology ecology practice exam, youtube. com, & google images :)
-I hope this was helpful! if anything watch the videos!
-GOOD LUCK ON YOUR EXAM!!! :)
<3 ALEX
